Which method seeks to represent subgroups proportionally by filling quotas?

• A. Convenience sampling
• B. Purposive sampling
• C. Quota sampling
• D. Snowball sampling

Answer: (C)

Quota sampling is a non-random approach that aims to reflect the population's makeup by filling predefined quotas for important subgroups. Researchers first decide which subgroups matter (such as gender, age, region) and establish the proportion each should have in the sample. They then continue recruiting until every subgroup quota is met, so the overall sample mirrors the population's distribution. This is different from convenience sampling, which picks easily available people; purposive sampling, which selects specific cases for a purpose without aiming for proportional representation; and snowball sampling, which relies on referrals and networks rather than fixed quotas. Because participants within each quota are not selected randomly, quota sampling can introduce bias, but it ensures the sample includes the intended mix of subgroups.